Amsco Reading Guide Answer Key Chapter 16 Us History
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Ascension of Industrial America, 1865-1900
| 8821795217 | nation's starting time big business | Railroads created a nationwide market place for goods. This encouraged mass product, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320) |  | 0 |
| 8821795218 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320) |  | 1 |
| 8821795219 | Eastern Trunk Lines | In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the due east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320) |  | two |
| 8821795220 | transcontinental railroads | During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the chore of building the railroad. The Wedlock Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May ten, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321) |  | 3 |
| 8821795221 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | 2 railroad companies, 1 starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the start first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321) |  | 4 |
| 8821795222 | American Railroad Clan | In 1883, this organisation divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320) |  | 5 |
| 8821795223 | railroads and time zones | The Usa was divided into four time zones past the railroad industry. (p. 320) | | 6 |
| 8821795224 | speculation and overbuilding | In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This frequently happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321) | | 7 |
| 8821795225 | Jay Gould, watering stock | Entered railroad business concern for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321) |  | eight |
| 8821795226 | rebates and pools | In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to set rates and share traffic. (p. 321) |  | ix |
| 8821795227 | defalcation of railroads | A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321) |  | 10 |
| 8821795228 | Panic of 1893 | In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad manufacture. (p. 321) |  | eleven |
| 8821795229 | causes of industrial growth | After the Ceremonious War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel product, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) |  | 12 |
| 8821795230 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every phase of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished production. His company Carnegie Steel became the world'south largest steel company. (p. 323) |  | thirteen |
| 8821795231 | vertical integration | A concern strategy past which a company would control all aspects of a production from raw cloth mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) |  | 14 |
| 8821795232 | U.Due south. Steel | In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than 3-fifths of the nation's steel business organization. (p. 323) |  | 15 |
| 8821795233 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled ninety percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed past a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323) |  | 16 |
| 8821795234 | horizontal integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one arrangement. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323) |  | 17 |
| 8821795235 | Standard Oil Trust | In 1881, the proper noun of John D. Rockefeller's visitor, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the U.s.. (p. 323) |  | 18 |
| 8821795236 | interlocking directorates | The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322) |  | nineteen |
| 8821795237 | J. P. Morgan | A banker who took control and consolidated broke railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323) |  | twenty |
| 8821795238 | leading industrial power | Past 1900, the U.s.a. was the leading industrial ability in the globe, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, French republic, or Deutschland. (p. 319) |  | 21 |
| 8821795239 | Second Industrial Revolution | The term for the industrial revolution afterwards the Ceremonious War. In the early function of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the kickoff role of this revolution. Later the Civil State of war, this 2nd revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) |  | 22 |
| 8821795240 | Bessemer process | In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By diggings air through molten iron y'all could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323) |  | 23 |
| 8821795241 | transatlantic cable | In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention immune letters to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325) |  | 24 |
| 8821795242 | Alexander Graham Bell | In 1876, he invented the phone. (p. 325) |  | 25 |
| 8821795243 | Thomas Edison | Mayhap the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the starting time modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electrical light seedling, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion moving picture camera. (p. 326) |  | 26 |
| 8821795244 | Menlo Park Research Lab | The showtime mod inquiry laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326) |  | 27 |
| 8821795245 | electric power, lighting | In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326) |  | 28 |
| 8821795246 | George Westinghouse | He held more than than 400 patents. He invented the loftier-voltage alternating electric current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power arrangement. (p. 326) |  | 29 |
| 8821795247 | Eastman'southward Kodak camera | In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325) |  | 30 |
| 8821795248 | large department stores | R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326) |  | 31 |
| 8821795249 | R.H. Macy | He created a New York section store. (p. 326) |  | 32 |
| 8821795250 | postal service-society companies | Ii companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved track system to ship to rural customers to sell many unlike products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper itemize. (p. 326) |  | 33 |
| 8821795251 | Sears-Roebuck | Mail order company that used the improved rail organisation to ship to rural customers. (p. 326) |  | 34 |
| 8821795252 | packaged foods | Brand proper name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326) |  | 35 |
| 8821795253 | refrigeration; canning | These developments in the nutrient industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326) |  | 36 |
| 8821795254 | Gustavus Swift | He inverse American eating habits past making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326) |  | 37 |
| 8821795255 | advert | This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326) |  | 38 |
| 8821795256 | consumer economy | Advertisement and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326) |  | 39 |
| 8821795257 | federal state grants and loans | The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320) |  | 40 |
| 8821795258 | fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier | Insiders used construction companies to ransom government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321) |  | 41 |
| 8821795259 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 | This human action, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322) |  | 42 |
| 8821795260 | anti-trust movement | Heart class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came nether widespread scrutiny and assault. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was also vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324) |  | 43 |
| 8821795261 | Sherman Antitrust Deed of 1890 | In 1890, Congress passed this human activity, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the grade of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of merchandise or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324) |  | 44 |
| 8821795262 | federal courts, U.Southward. v. E.C. Knight | In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be practical only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324) |  | 45 |
| 8821795263 | causes of labor discontent | Worker's discontent was caused past performing monotonous job required completion within a certain time, dangerous working weather condition, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328) |  | 46 |
| 8821795264 | atomic number 26 police force of wages | David Ricardo adult this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would but increment the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327) |  | 47 |
| 8821795265 | anti-wedlock tactics | Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (endmost the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow domestic dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and courtroom injunctions confronting strikes. (p. 329) |  | 48 |
| 8821795266 | railroad strike of 1877 | In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and close downward 2-thirds of the state'south railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329) |  | 49 |
| 8821795267 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor marriage. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) |  | 50 |
| 8821795268 | Haymarket bombing | On May 4, 1886 workers held a protestation in which vii police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330) |  | 51 |
| 8821795269 | American Federation of Labor | The labor matrimony focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) |  | 52 |
| 8821795270 | Samuel Gompers | He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330) |  | 53 |
| 8821795271 | Pullman Stike | In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Matrimony supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government bankrupt the strike. (p. 331) |  | 54 |
| 8821795272 | Eugene Debs | The American Railroad Wedlock leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331) |  | 55 |
| 8821795273 | railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans | In the construction of the commencement transcontinental railroad, the Spousal relationship Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish gaelic immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included half dozen,000 Chinese immigrants amidst their workers. (p. 321) |  | 56 |
| 8821795274 | sometime rich vs. new rich | The trusts came nether widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (sometime rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324) |  | 57 |
| 8821795275 | white-collar workers | The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to make full the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327) |  | 58 |
| 8821795276 | expanding heart form | Industrialization helped expand the heart class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of adept-paying jobs after the Civil State of war significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327) |  | 59 |
| 8821795277 | manufacturing plant wage earners | By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, ordinarily at jobs that required them to work ten hours a solar day, six days a week.(p. 327) |  | lx |
| 8821795278 | women and children factory workers | By 1900, twenty percent of adult adult female working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only five per centum of married women worked exterior the home. (p. 327) |  | 61 |
| 8821795279 | women clerical workers | As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328) |  | 62 |
| 8821795280 | Protestant work ethic | The believe that hard piece of work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325) |  | 63 |
| 8821795281 | Adam Smith | In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business organization should not be regulated by government, simply by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324) |  | 64 |
| 8821795282 | laissez-faire Capitalism | In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324) |  | 65 |
| 8821795283 | concentration of wealth | Past the 1890s, the richest 10 per centum of the U.S. population controlled xc percent of the nation'south wealth. (p. 326) |  | 66 |
| 8821795284 | Social Darwinism | The belief that regime'due south helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324) |  | 67 |
| 8821795285 | William Graham Sumner | An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the conventionalities that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and gild. (p. 324) |  | 68 |
| 8821795286 | survival of the fittest | The belief that Charles Darwin'due south ideas of natural option in nature applied to the economical marketplace. (p. 324) |  | 69 |
| 8821795287 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325) |  | lxx |
| 8821795288 | Horatio Alger Stories self-made man | His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, difficult piece of work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327) |  | 71 |
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